Finding a quiet family oral irrigator that balances performance and noise levels can be a challenge. The Waterpik Promax stands out as the best overall option for its blend of power and quiet operation, while the COSLUS ADA Accepted C20 offers a compact design suitable for smaller spaces. For families prioritizing customizable pressure settings, the COSLUS E1 provides excellent versatility. The main tradeoffs involve balancing noise levels with cleaning power and ease of use. Keep reading to see how these models compare and which might be right for your household.
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Key Takeaways
- The quietest models often sacrifice some power, so consider your family’s cleaning needs carefully.
- Large water tanks reduce refill frequency but may add to the device’s size and noise levels.
- Multiple pressure settings provide better comfort, especially for children or sensitive users.
- Countertop units tend to be louder but offer more features, while cordless models are quieter but less powerful.
- Durability and ease of maintenance are key factors that distinguish higher-quality irrigators from cheaper alternatives.
| COSLUS ADA Accepted C20 Water Dental Flosser with 300ML Tank | ![]() | Best Overall for Convenience and Portability | Tank Capacity: 300ml | Water Pulse Frequency: 1400-1800 pulses per minute | Battery Life: 30 days | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| COSLUS E1 Electric Water Dental Flosser with 12 Pressure Settings | ![]() | Best for Customization and Family Use | Pressure Settings: 12 (10–160 PSI) | Tank Capacity: 600ML | Number of Tips: 5 | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Water Dental Flosser with 5 Color Jet Tips for Faucet & Shower | ![]() | Best for Versatile, Water-Powered Cleaning | Number of Tips: 5 | Color Options: Brightly colored nozzles | Installation: Faucet and shower compatible | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| COSLUS E2 Advanced Water Dental Flosser with 2 Modes and 12 Pressure Settings | ![]() | Best for Advanced Customization and Daily Use | Pressure Range: 10-160 PSI | Pulses per Minute: 1400 | Nozzles Included: 5 | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Waterpik Promax Countertop Water Flosser, SmartAdvance, 10 Settings, 5 Tips | ![]() | Best for Deep, Adjustable Cleaning for Sensitive Gums | Settings: 10 | Tips: 5 | Profiles: 2 | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Water Dental Flosser for Teeth and Braces | ![]() | Best for Deep Cleaning and Customization with Braces | Water Pressure Range: 30-125 PSI | Water Pulse Rate: 1250-1700 times/min | Tank Capacity: 600ml | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Electric Flosser, 4-Speed Smart Electric Flosser with 60 Replacement Heads | ![]() | Best for Family Use with Versatile Speed and Long-Lasting Replacements | Number of Speed Settings: 4 | Replacement Heads: 60 | Rechargeable: Yes | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| COSLUS ADA Accepted E40 Water Dental Flosser with 10 Pressure Levels | ![]() | Best for Travel and Custom Pressure Control | Pressure Levels: 10 | Water Tank Capacity: 300ML | Battery Life: Up to 30 days per charge | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Water Dental Flosser with 600ML Large Water Tank and 10 Modes | ![]() | Best for Comprehensive Oral Care and Quiet Operation | Water Tank Capacity: 600 ml | Number of Modes: 10 | Nozzle Types: Standard, Plaque, Periodontal, Orthodontic, Tongue Scraper | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Mornwell Water Dental Flosser for Teeth, 2 Modes, 10 Adjustable Pressure | ![]() | Best for Ergonomic Simplicity with Adjustable Pressure | Modes: 2 (Floss and Massage) | Pressure Levels: 10 | Pulses per Minute: 1,250–1,700 | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| H2ofloss Countertop Water Flosser for Teeth, Oral Irrigator for Family Care | ![]() | Best for Quiet Family Use with Customizable Settings | Pressure Range: 5-110 PSI | Frequency: 1200 pulses/minute | Tips Included: 12 tips (jet, tongue cleaning, orthodontic, periodontal, nasal) | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
More Details on Our Top Picks
COSLUS ADA Accepted C20 Water Dental Flosser with 300ML Tank
The COSLUS C20 Water Dental Flosser stands out for its generous 300ml water tank and impressive 30-day battery life, making it ideal for daily use without frequent refills or charging. Compared with the Waterpik Promax, it offers more portability and a waterproof IPX7 rating, but it lacks the multiple water pressure settings of higher-end models. Its three operation modes and five tips allow for personalized cleaning, though first-time users should start with the soft mode to prevent gum sensitivity. The USB charging adds convenience, but the adapter isn’t included, which could be an inconvenience. Overall, this model suits families or travelers who prioritize ease of use and a large tank in a compact form.
Pros:- Large 300ml water tank reduces refills
- Long-lasting 30-day battery life for travel and daily use
- Multiple pressure modes and tips for tailored cleaning
Cons:- Adapter not included, requiring a compatible USB power source
- First-time users should opt for soft mode to avoid gum sensitivity
Best for: Families who need a portable, easy-to-use irrigator with long battery life
Not ideal for: Users seeking highly customizable pressure settings or a more advanced display
- Tank Capacity:300ml
- Water Pulse Frequency:1400-1800 pulses per minute
- Battery Life:30 days
- Waterproof Rating:IPX7
- Operation Modes:3 modes
- Tips Included:5 interchangeable tips
Our verdict“This pick is perfect for those who want a simple, portable solution with long battery life for family or travel use.”
COSLUS E1 Electric Water Dental Flosser with 12 Pressure Settings
The COSLUS E1 offers a notable upgrade in control with 12 adjustable pressure levels, making it suitable for all family members, including those with sensitive gums. With its large 600ml tank, it can handle extended sessions without refilling, comparable to the Waterpik Promax but with more pressure options. Its five multifunctional tips support orthodontic care and general cleaning, though it requires being plugged in during operation, which limits mobility. This model excels in providing a customizable experience, but its noise level and reliance on power outlets might be drawbacks for some. This device suits households that need tailored settings for various users or specific oral health needs.
Pros:- 12 adjustable pressure levels for personalized cleaning
- Large 600ml tank for extended use
- Multiple tips for different oral care needs
Cons:- Requires being plugged into a power outlet during use
- Potentially noisy operation
Best for: Families needing adjustable, customizable pressure levels for different age groups and sensitivities
Not ideal for: People who prefer cordless convenience or minimal noise during use
- Pressure Settings:12 (10–160 PSI)
- Tank Capacity:600ML
- Number of Tips:5
- Auto Shut-off:3 minutes
- Power Source:Plug-in
Our verdict“Ideal for families seeking a highly customizable irrigator that can adapt to various oral health requirements.”
Water Dental Flosser with 5 Color Jet Tips for Faucet & Shower
This faucet-mounted water flosser provides a unique, noise-free alternative to traditional electric models, making it especially suitable for quiet environments. It uses water pressure directly from the faucet or shower, eliminating the need for batteries or electrical outlets. The five color-coded tips support family sharing, and the included shower connectors allow flexible installation. While it offers gentle, effective cleaning and is simple to operate, its reliance on water pressure means it can’t match the power or customization of battery-operated models like the Waterpik Promax or COSLUS E2. Installation complexity and dependence on water pressure may be downsides for some users. This option is best for those prioritizing a silent, chemical-free, and versatile cleaning method in a bathroom with good water pressure.
Pros:- No noise during operation, ideal for quiet environments
- Includes multiple color-coded tips for family use
- Versatile installation with faucet and shower compatibility
Cons:- Dependent on faucet or shower water pressure for power
- Installation may be complex for some users
Best for: Families wanting a silent, installation-friendly, water-pressure-based oral cleaner
Not ideal for: Users seeking a portable or electric-powered irrigator with adjustable pressure
- Number of Tips:5
- Color Options:Brightly colored nozzles
- Installation:Faucet and shower compatible
- Includes:2 water heater shower connectors
Our verdict“A quiet, versatile choice for households desiring a hygienic, water-pressure-driven oral cleaning method without electrical components.”
COSLUS E2 Advanced Water Dental Flosser with 2 Modes and 12 Pressure Settings
The COSLUS E2 combines extensive control with a compact design, featuring 12 pressure levels and 2 modes, making it suitable for users who want tailored cleaning routines. Its large 600ml tank supports long sessions, comparable to the E1 but with added flexibility for different cleaning preferences. The five nozzles are stored conveniently in a patented box, and the easy controls make adjusting settings straightforward. However, its multiple settings may overwhelm first-time users, and durability is estimated at around three years with typical use. Compared with the E1, it offers more options but at the expense of increased complexity. This model is a good choice for those who want maximum customization in a space-efficient design.
Pros:- 12 pressure levels and 2 modes for tailored cleaning
- Large 600ml tank suitable for family use
- Includes multiple nozzles and a storage box for convenience
Cons:- Complex for first-time users due to multiple settings
- Estimated durability of about 3 years
Best for: Users comfortable with multiple settings seeking a personalized, effective daily oral irrigator
Not ideal for: Beginners or those seeking a simple, one-button operation
- Pressure Range:10-160 PSI
- Pulses per Minute:1400
- Nozzles Included:5
- Tank Capacity:600ml
- Auto-shutoff:3 minutes
- Dimensions:Compact, space-saving
Our verdict“This device is best for users who want detailed control and customization for their oral hygiene routine.”
Waterpik Promax Countertop Water Flosser, SmartAdvance, 10 Settings, 5 Tips
The Waterpik Promax offers a well-rounded experience with 10 adjustable settings and five tips, making it suitable for a range of sensitivities and dental needs. Compared to the COSLUS models, it provides a more refined, quiet operation and a larger reservoir that supports over 90 seconds of continuous flossing. Its multiple profiles allow different users to customize their settings easily. However, its size may be less ideal for small bathrooms, and the initial setup can be somewhat complex for new users. Despite this, its proven effectiveness at removing plaque and improving gum health makes it a reliable choice for families seeking a balance of power and quiet operation. This model is best for those wanting adjustable, effective cleaning with a focus on comfort.
Pros:- 10 adjustable pressure settings for personalized comfort
- Includes five tips and multiple profiles for family members
- Effective at removing plaque and supporting gum health
Cons:- Bulky size may be challenging in small spaces
- Requires regular refilling of water reservoir
Best for: Families prioritizing adjustable power and multiple user profiles in a quiet, reliable device
Not ideal for: Small bathrooms or users seeking a fully cordless, ultra-compact model
- Settings:10
- Tips:5
- Profiles:2
- Reservoir Capacity:90+ seconds
- Operation:Quiet
- Warranty:3-year limited
Our verdict“This irrigator is ideal for families who want a quiet, customizable, and effective oral cleaning device with multiple user profiles.”
Water Dental Flosser for Teeth and Braces
The Water Dental Flosser for Teeth and Braces stands out for its powerful water pressure range of 30-125 PSI and 8 included tips, making it particularly effective for individuals with braces, implants, or crowns. Unlike the smaller, travel-focused COSLUS ADA Accepted E40, this model prioritizes deep cleaning and gum massage, though its bulkier design may be less convenient for travel. The large 600ml tank minimizes refilling interruptions, but users need to handle it carefully to avoid leaks. Its adjustable pressure is ideal for customizing cleaning sessions, but some may find the multiple settings and tips complex initially. If your priority is thorough, targeted cleaning and versatility, this model delivers. However, those seeking a lightweight, travel-friendly option might prefer the COSLUS ADA Accepted E40 instead.
Pros:- Effective deep cleaning and gum massage
- Multiple tips for customized oral care
- Adjustable water pressure for different needs
- Large water tank with leakproof design
Cons:- Requires careful handling to avoid leaks
- May be bulky for travel
- Some users may find pressure adjustments complex
Best for: Families or individuals who need effective deep cleaning and have braces or crowns
Not ideal for: Travelers seeking a compact, lightweight irrigator or users who prefer simple, straightforward operation
- Water Pressure Range:30-125 PSI
- Water Pulse Rate:1250-1700 times/min
- Tank Capacity:600ml
- Voltage Range:100V-240V
- Tips Included:8 tips (3 high-pressure, 5 special-use)
Our verdict“This irrigator is best suited for those needing thorough, customizable cleaning, especially with braces or implants.”
Electric Flosser, 4-Speed Smart Electric Flosser with 60 Replacement Heads
This Electric Flosser offers four adjustable speeds, making it suitable for a wide range of cleaning needs, from gentle to deep cleaning. Its inclusion of 60 replacement heads ensures long-term use, surpassing the smaller nozzles of the COSLUS E40, which has fewer options. The built-in tongue cleaner and quiet vibration technology are beneficial for comprehensive and peaceful family routines, but the battery life isn’t specified, which could be a concern for frequent users. Its portability and rechargeability make it convenient, yet at higher speeds it might produce some noise, potentially disrupting a quiet family environment. This pick is ideal for families wanting a versatile, multi-user device, but those seeking a purely silent operation might prefer other models.
Pros:- Adjustable speed settings for personalized cleaning
- Includes 60 replacement heads for long-term use
- Portable and rechargeable for convenience
- Built-in tongue cleaner and quiet vibration technology
Cons:- Potential noise at higher speeds
- Battery life details are not specified
- Less effective for heavy plaque removal compared to traditional floss
Best for: Families needing multiple users and adjustable speeds for personalized cleaning
Not ideal for: Individuals seeking a completely silent irrigator or those with limited storage space
- Number of Speed Settings:4
- Replacement Heads:60
- Rechargeable:Yes
- Built-in Tongue Cleaner:Yes
- Vibration Technology:Quiet
Our verdict“This model suits families who want versatile, adjustable cleaning with long-term replacement options and quiet operation.”
COSLUS ADA Accepted E40 Water Dental Flosser with 10 Pressure Levels
The COSLUS E40 offers 10 adjustable pressure levels, making it easy to tailor cleaning intensity for sensitive gums or stubborn plaque. Its cordless, IPX7 waterproof design makes it especially suitable for travel and shower use, surpassing the larger, countertop Water Dental Flosser with 600ML Tank in portability. However, it requires an external adapter (not included) and has a smaller 300ml water tank, requiring more frequent refills during longer sessions. Its multiple nozzles—including standard, orthodontic, and periodontal—add versatility, but the absence of a built-in display or advanced modes means less fine control than some higher-end models. This device is ideal for those prioritizing travel-friendly features and adjustable pressure, but less so for users needing extensive mode options or larger tanks.
Pros:- Adjustable pressure levels for personalized cleaning
- Cordless and waterproof for versatile use
- Multiple nozzles for different needs
- Lightweight, travel-friendly design
Cons:- Adapter not included, needs separate purchase
- Limited water tank capacity for longer sessions
- No advanced modes or display
Best for: Travelers and users who need customizable pressure in a compact, waterproof design
Not ideal for: Home users who prefer larger tanks or more modes for daily use
- Pressure Levels:10
- Water Tank Capacity:300ML
- Battery Life:Up to 30 days per charge
- Waterproof Rating:IPX7
- Nozzle Types:Standard, orthodontic, periodontal
Our verdict“This irrigator is perfect for travelers who want adjustable pressure and waterproof convenience in a compact form.”
Water Dental Flosser with 600ML Large Water Tank and 10 Modes
The Water Dental Flosser with 600ML Tank provides a wide array of 10 modes, from gentle to deep cleaning, making it ideal for families or users with varying needs. Its large 600ml tank supports extended sessions without frequent refills, and the included 5-in-1 nozzles enhance versatility. Compared to the Mornwell Water Dental Flosser, which offers only 2 modes, this model delivers more customization, though its plug-in design makes it less portable. Its quiet operation and compact size are attractive features for home use, but the multiple modes and nozzles might overwhelm first-time users. If you prioritize a flexible, quiet device with extensive options, this model fits well; for simple, straightforward use, a less complex option could suffice.
Pros:- Large 600ml water tank for extended use
- 10 adjustable modes for comprehensive cleaning
- Includes multiple nozzles for tailored care
- Quiet operation and compact design
Cons:- Requires being plugged in; not cordless
- Potentially complex for first-time users
- No price info available
Best for: Families or users seeking a versatile, quiet irrigator with multiple modes for diverse needs
Not ideal for: People looking for a cordless or travel-ready irrigator with fewer modes
- Water Tank Capacity:600 ml
- Number of Modes:10
- Nozzle Types:Standard, Plaque, Periodontal, Orthodontic, Tongue Scraper
- Power Source:Plug-in
- Noise Level:Low
Our verdict“This irrigator suits those wanting extensive customization and quiet operation for family use at home.”
Mornwell Water Dental Flosser for Teeth, 2 Modes, 10 Adjustable Pressure
The Mornwell Water Dental Flosser provides two modes—Floss and Massage—with 10 adjustable pressure levels, making it user-friendly for all family members, including those with braces or sensitive gums. Its 600ML tank supports longer sessions, and the ergonomic design helps save space on the bathroom countertop. Compared with the 10-mode Water Dental Flosser with 600ML Tank, it offers fewer modes but simplifies operation, which may appeal to beginners. Its main drawback is potential noise during operation, which could disturb a quiet household. This model is ideal for users who want straightforward, adjustable pressure control without the complexity of multiple modes or nozzles, but it might fall short for those seeking extensive customization or ultra-quiet operation.
Pros:- Adjustable pressure levels suitable for all users
- Large 600ML water tank for uninterrupted use
- Ergonomic and space-efficient design
- Two modes for versatile cleaning
Cons:- May be noisy during operation
- Limited to two modes, less versatile than 10-mode models
- Requires regular refilling for longer sessions
Best for: Families seeking simple, adjustable pressure for everyday cleaning with minimal complexity
Not ideal for: Users who want a variety of modes or a completely silent experience
- Modes:2 (Floss and Massage)
- Pressure Levels:10
- Pulses per Minute:1,250–1,700
- Water Pressure:10–120 PSI
- Tank Capacity:600ML
- Tips Included:8
Our verdict“This irrigator is best for families wanting simple, adjustable, and reliable cleaning with a space-saving design.”
H2ofloss Countertop Water Flosser for Teeth, Oral Irrigator for Family Care
The H2ofloss HF-9 whisper stands out for its noticeably quieter operation compared to older models like the Waterpik Promax, making it a strong choice for families concerned about noise during nighttime or early morning routines. Its six pressure settings allow for gentle to deep cleaning, which is ideal for children, seniors, or those with sensitive gums. The inclusion of 12 multifunctional tips, including orthodontic and nasal options, offers broad versatility, surpassing standard single-tip models. However, while it is quieter than previous versions, it still produces some noise, which may be distracting in ultra-quiet environments. Additionally, it requires a North American 110VAC outlet, limiting international usability. Compared to models like the COSLUS E2, the H2ofloss emphasizes quieter operation but offers fewer pressure levels, which might matter for users who want very specific control. Overall, this model is well-suited for families seeking a quiet, adaptable, and effective oral irrigator, but those outside North America may face compatibility issues.
Pros:- Significantly quieter operation compared to older models
- Six adjustable pressure settings for tailored cleaning
- Includes 12 tips for different oral health needs
- Overheat protection adds durability
Cons:- Requires North American 110VAC outlets, limiting international use
- Noise, while reduced, is still present and may bother ultra-sensitive users
Best for: Families who prioritize quiet operation and customizable cleaning with multiple tips, including braces or implants.
Not ideal for: International users or those seeking a very high number of pressure settings for precise control.
- Pressure Range:5-110 PSI
- Frequency:1200 pulses/minute
- Tips Included:12 tips (jet, tongue cleaning, orthodontic, periodontal, nasal)
- Power Compatibility:110VAC/60Hz
- Warranty:24 months
- Operation Noise Level:Quieter than previous models but still audible
Our verdict“This irrigator is ideal for families who want a quieter, customizable water flosser with versatile tips but are within North America and okay with some residual noise.”

How We Picked
The products in this roundup were selected based on a combination of performance, noise level, usability, build quality, and value. We prioritized models that are specifically designed to operate quietly while maintaining effective cleaning capabilities for family use. Features like adjustable pressure settings, water tank capacity, and ease of maintenance were key criteria. We also considered user reviews and expert ratings to ensure each product offers a reliable balance of quiet operation and effective oral hygiene. The ranking reflects a focus on overall usability for families rather than specialized or commercial-grade devices.Factors to Consider When Choosing Quiet Family Oral Irrigators
Choosing the right quiet family oral irrigator involves balancing noise levels, cleaning power, ease of use, and maintenance. Beyond specs, consider your household’s specific needs, like whether you need a compact model for small bathrooms or a unit with multiple pressure settings for sensitive users. This guide highlights key factors to help you make an informed choice and avoid common pitfalls, such as choosing a device that’s too loud or underpowered for your family’s routine.Noise Level
For households with children or shared bedrooms, noise level is a top concern. Look for models explicitly marketed as quiet or with noise-reduction technology. Keep in mind that larger, countertop units tend to generate more noise, but some brands incorporate sound-dampening features that significantly reduce operational sounds. Balancing noise with power is key, because quieter models might lack the force needed for thorough cleaning.
Water Tank Capacity
The size of the water tank directly impacts how many teeth cleaning sessions you can perform without refilling. Larger tanks are convenient for family use, especially when multiple users need to floss consecutively. However, bigger tanks often mean bulkier devices, which could be less suitable for small bathrooms or travel. Consider your typical routine to pick a size that minimizes refills but fits your space.
Pressure Settings
Multiple pressure settings are important for customizing comfort, particularly when members of your family have varying sensitivities. Look for models with easy-to-adjust controls that can go from gentle to vigorous cleaning. Avoid units with a single, high-pressure mode if you have young children or sensitive gums, as this can cause discomfort and discourage regular use.
Ease of Maintenance
Regular cleaning of the device and water tank prolongs its lifespan and maintains hygiene. Models with removable, dishwasher-safe parts and simple refill mechanisms are easier to keep clean. Some units also feature automatic shut-off or antibacterial components that reduce buildup. Investing in a device with straightforward maintenance features can save time and prevent issues over long-term use.
Size and Portability
If your family frequently travels or has limited bathroom space, a compact, cordless model may be more practical. While these tend to be quieter, they often have smaller tanks and less power. Conversely, countertop units generally offer more features and higher performance but can be bulkier and noisier. Consider your lifestyle and space constraints when selecting between these form factors.
Frequently Asked Questions
Will a quieter irrigator still be effective at cleaning?
Yes, many quiet family oral irrigators are designed to provide sufficient water pressure to effectively clean between teeth and along the gumline. While they may operate with less noise, manufacturers often incorporate sound-dampening features that do not compromise cleaning power. It’s important to check the pressure range and user reviews to confirm that a quieter model can meet your cleaning expectations.
Are cordless models as powerful as countertop irrigators?
Cordless models tend to have smaller water tanks and slightly less pressure than countertop units, but advances in battery technology and design mean many are still highly effective for daily use. They are ideal for travel or quick, convenient cleaning, especially if noise is a priority. For intensive cleaning routines or large families, a countertop model might provide better performance, though at the expense of increased noise.
How often should I descale or clean my irrigator?
To keep your irrigator operating quietly and effectively, it’s recommended to descale it every few months or as indicated by the manufacturer. Regular cleaning of the water reservoir with vinegar or a manufacturer-approved cleaner prevents mineral buildup and microbial growth. Proper maintenance not only preserves noise levels but also extends the device’s lifespan and ensures consistent performance.
Can I use an irrigator if I have braces or sensitive gums?
Absolutely. Many models offer adjustable pressure settings that are gentle enough for braces and sensitive gums. Look for devices with multiple modes and fine-tuned pressure controls, and start on the lowest setting. Proper use can improve oral hygiene for orthodontic patients and those with gum sensitivities without creating discomfort or noise issues.
What features make a family irrigator more user-friendly?
Features like easy-to-grip handles, simple controls, and clear water level indicators make operation straightforward for all family members. Models with multiple tips and color-coding help distinguish users, which is useful for families. Additionally, devices with long-lasting batteries or large water tanks reduce the need for frequent refills and charging, adding to overall convenience.
Conclusion
For families seeking a balance of quiet operation and effective cleaning, the Waterpik Promax remains the best overall choice, offering robust performance with lower noise levels. Those new to oral irrigators or with sensitive users will appreciate models like the COSLUS ADA Accepted C20 for simplicity and quietness. Families prioritizing customizable features and a premium experience might consider the COSLUS E1 or Waterpik SmartAdvance. For those who travel frequently or have space constraints, compact cordless options like the Mornwell will serve well. Ultimately, your choice should match your household’s specific cleaning needs, space, and noise sensitivity.













